short questions with answers for each chapter of the 11th class Physics
short questions with answers for each chapter of the 11th class Physics
Below is a compilation of short questions with answers for each chapter of the 11th class Physics curriculum as per the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE), Islamabad. These questions are designed to cover key concepts from the FBISE syllabus, focusing on concise, direct questions that test understanding of fundamental principles. Each chapter includes 5 short questions with brief answers, ensuring coverage of important topics for exam preparation.
Chapter 1: Measurements
- What is a base unit?
Answer: A base unit is a fundamental unit of measurement defined independently, such as meter, kilogram, and second in the SI system. - Define significant figures.
Answer: Significant figures are the digits in a number that contribute to its precision, including all non-zero digits, zeros between them, and trailing zeros in decimals. - What is the least count of a vernier caliper?
Answer: The least count is the smallest measurement a vernier caliper can accurately read, calculated as one main scale division divided by the number of vernier scale divisions (e.g., 1 mm / 10 = 0.1 mm). - What are the dimensions of work?
Answer: The dimensions of work are [ML²T⁻²], derived from force ([MLT⁻²]) × distance ([L]). - What is meant by percentage error?
Answer: Percentage error is the ratio of the absolute error to the measured value, multiplied by 100, expressed as a percentage.
Chapter 2: Vectors and Equilibrium
- What is a vector quantity?
Answer: A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction, such as force, velocity, and displacement. - Define dot product.
Answer: The dot product of two vectors is a scalar equal to the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them (A·B = AB cos θ). - What is the condition for equilibrium?
Answer: A body is in equilibrium if the net force (ΣF = 0) and net torque (Στ = 0) acting on it are zero. - What is torque?
Answer: Torque is the rotational effect of a force, calculated as τ = F × r × sin θ, where r is the moment arm. - How is a unit vector defined?
Answer: A unit vector has a magnitude of 1 and is obtained by dividing a vector by its magnitude (â = A / |A|).
Chapter 3: Motion and Force
- State Newton’s first law of motion.
Answer: A body remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. - What is momentum?
Answer: Momentum is the product of a body’s mass and velocity, given by p = mv. - Define impulse.
Answer: Impulse is the product of force and the time for which it acts, equal to the change in momentum (J = F × t). - What is the range of a projectile?
Answer: The range is the horizontal distance traveled by a projectile, given by R = (v² sin 2θ) / g. - What is friction?
Answer: Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact.
Chapter 4: Work and Energy
- Define work.
Answer: Work is the product of the force applied and the displacement in the direction of the force (W = F × d × cos θ). - What is kinetic energy?
Answer: Kinetic energy is the energy of a body due to its motion, given by KE = ½ mv². - State the law of conservation of energy.
Answer: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. - What is power?
Answer: Power is the rate of doing work, calculated as P = W / t, measured in watts. - What is potential energy?
Answer: Potential energy is the energy stored in a body due to its position or configuration, e.g., PE = mgh for gravitational potential energy.
Chapter 5: Circular Motion
- What is centripetal force?
Answer: Centripetal force is the real force that keeps a body moving in a circular path, directed toward the center (F = mv²/r). - Define angular velocity.
Answer: Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement, measured in rad/s (ω = θ/t). - What is the period of circular motion?
Answer: The period is the time taken to complete one revolution (T = 2π/ω). - What provides centripetal force in a car turning on a road?
Answer: Friction between the tires and the road provides the centripetal force. - What is the relationship between linear and angular velocity?
Answer: Linear velocity (v) is related to angular velocity (ω) by v = ωr, where r is the radius.
Chapter 6: Fluid Dynamics
- What is the equation of continuity?
Answer: The equation of continuity states that the mass flow rate is constant: A₁v₁ = A₂v₂. - State Bernoulli’s principle.
Answer: Bernoulli’s principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid decreases its pressure, and vice versa. - What is viscosity?
Answer: Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow or deformation. - What is terminal velocity?
Answer: Terminal velocity is the constant velocity reached by a falling object when the drag force equals the gravitational force. - What is the venturi meter used for?
Answer: A venturi meter measures the flow rate of a fluid using Bernoulli’s principle.
Chapter 7: Oscillations
- What is simple harmonic motion (SHM)?
Answer: SHM is a periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to and opposite the displacement (F = -kx). - What is the time period of a simple pendulum?
Answer: The time period is T = 2π√(L/g), where L is length and g is acceleration due to gravity. - Define amplitude in SHM.
Answer: Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the mean position in SHM. - What are damped oscillations?
Answer: Damped oscillations are oscillations whose amplitude decreases over time due to energy loss (e.g., friction). - What is resonance?
Answer: Resonance occurs when a system is driven at its natural frequency, resulting in maximum amplitude.
Chapter 8: Waves
- What is a progressive wave?
Answer: A progressive wave is a wave that transfers energy through a medium as it propagates. - Define wavelength.
Answer: Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs in a wave. - What is the speed of a wave?
Answer: The speed of a wave is given by v = fλ, where f is frequency and λ is wavelength. - What are stationary waves?
Answer: Stationary waves are formed by the superposition of two identical waves traveling in opposite directions, with nodes and antinodes. - What is the Doppler effect?
Answer: The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave due to the relative motion between the source and observer.
Chapter 9: Physical Optics
- What is interference of light?
Answer: Interference is the superposition of two or more light waves, resulting in constructive or destructive patterns. - Define diffraction.
Answer: Diffraction is the bending of light waves around obstacles or through narrow openings. - What is Young’s double-slit experiment?
Answer: It demonstrates the interference of light, producing bright and dark fringes due to wave superposition. - What is polarization?
Answer: Polarization is the restriction of light wave oscillations to a single plane, indicating light’s transverse nature. - What causes colors in thin films?
Answer: Colors in thin films are due to interference between light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces.
Chapter 10: Optical Instruments
- What is the least distance of distinct vision?
Answer: It is the minimum distance at which the human eye can see clearly, approximately 25 cm. - What is the magnifying power of a microscope?
Answer: It is the ratio of the angle subtended by the image to the angle subtended by the object at the near point. - What is the role of the objective lens in a telescope?
Answer: The objective lens forms a real, inverted image of a distant object. - What is total internal reflection?
Answer: Total internal reflection occurs when light traveling in a denser medium strikes a rarer medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. - What is the function of a spectrometer?
Answer: A spectrometer measures the wavelength or frequency of light by dispersing it into a spectrum.
Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics
- What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?
Answer: It states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other, defining temperature. - State the first law of thermodynamics.
Answer: The change in internal energy of a system equals the heat added minus the work done (ΔU = Q – W). - What is an isothermal process?
Answer: An isothermal process occurs at constant temperature, with ΔU = 0 for an ideal gas. - Define entropy.
Answer: Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, given by ΔS = Q/T for a reversible process. - What is the efficiency of a Carnot engine?
Answer: The efficiency is η = 1 – (T₂/T₁), where T₁ and T₂ are the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs.
Notes:
- These short questions are aligned with the FBISE 11th class Physics syllabus and cover essential concepts for board exams.
- They are concise to facilitate quick revision and understanding.
- For additional resources, students can refer to FBISE past papers, the Punjab Textbook Board’s Physics book, or online platforms like www.ilmkidunya.com or www.notes92.com.
- If you need more questions, numerical-based questions, or specific topics from any chapter, please let me know, and I can provide further tailored content!
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