Below is a concise list of key definitions from Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics

Below is a concise list of key definitions from Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics of the 11th Class Physics syllabus for the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE), aligned with the National Book Foundation (NBF) curriculum. These definitions cover the essential concepts related to heat and thermodynamics as typically presented in this chapter.

1. Heat: A form of energy transferred between objects or systems due to a temperature difference, measured in joules (J).
2. Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, typically measured in kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C).
3. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that studies the relationships between heat, work, and energy.
4. Thermal Equilibrium: The state in which two objects in contact have the same temperature, with no net heat transfer between them.
5. Internal Energy (U): The total energy of a system’s particles, including kinetic and potential energies, due to their random motion and interactions.
6. Specific Heat Capacity (c): The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K, given by Q = mcΔT, measured in J/(kg·K).
7. Molar Specific Heat Capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 K, measured in J/(mol·K).
8. Latent Heat: The heat absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change (e.g., melting, boiling) without a...

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